Handbook of Antiblocking, Release, and Slip Additives
By- George Wypych, ChemTec Publishing, Ontario, Canada
This handbook, now in its second edition, is the only comprehensive reference available on the subject of antiblocking, release, and slip additives, which are of high industrial importance. These additives are used to alter the properties and performance of polymers, and improve the efficiency and cost of processing methods. These characteristics make additives an important topic across the spectrum of industry sectors that employ plastics and polymers.
Topics covered include: Types and concentrations, Effect on polymer and/or other additives, and Typical formulations. Information on use of additives in various products is divided into the following sections: Types and concentrations, Reasons for use, Advantages and disadvantages of additive use, Effect on product properties, and Examples of formulations. Processing methods are discussed using the following breakdown: Types and concentrations, Effect on process, Effect on product properties, Advantages and disadvantages of additive use, Examples of formulations. A complete analysis of literature and patents available from the first use of these additives until now is included in the book.
Wypych considers all essential aspects of chemistry, physical properties, influence on properties of final products, formulations, methods of incorporation, analysis, and effects on health and environment. The book comprises 18 chapters, each addressing specific aspect of properties and applications of antiblocking, release, and slip agents.Audience
Engineers and Scientists involved in the design and development of plastics materials and products; Engineers and Technicians involved in the design and optimization of production processes using plastics.
Hardbound, 640 Pages
Published: October 2010
Imprint: Chemtec
ISBN: 978-1-895198-45-4
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical developments
1.2 Expectations from commercial additives
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Classification
References
2 Generic Types
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Characteristic properties of commercial additives
2.2.1 Antiblocking agents
2.2.1.1 Inorganic
2.2.1.1.1 Calcium carbonate
2.2.1.1.2 Carbon nanotubes, fibers, graphite
2.2.1.1.3 Ceramic and glass spheres and fly ash
2.2.1.1.4 Diatomaceous earth and other natural silicas
2.2.1.1.5 Synthetic silica
2.2.1.1.6 Synthetic clay (laponite)
2.2.1.1.7 Talc
2.2.1.1.8 Zeolite
2.2.1.2 Organic
2.2.1.2.1 Microparticles
2.2.2 Mold release agents
2.2.2.1 Fluorocompounds
2.2.2.2 Polydimethylsiloxanes
2.2.2.3 Polymeric waxes
2.2.2.4 Other chemical compounds
2.2.3 Slip agents
2.2.3.1 Acids
2.2.3.2 Esters
2.2.3.3 Fatty acid amides
2.2.3.4 Natural wax and its substitutes
2.2.3.5 Salts
References
3 Standard Methods of Control
3.1 Adhesives
3.2 Floor coverings
3.3 Footwear and walkway surfaces
3.4 Geosynthetics
3.5 Leather and coated fabrics
3.6 Lubricants
3.7 Medical1
3.8 Paints and coatings
3.9 Paper
3.10 Plastics and rubber
3.11 Roads and pavement
3.12 Sport equipment
3.13 Textiles
References
4 Transportation and Storage
4.1 Transportation
4.2 Storage
References
5 Mechanisms of Action
5.1 Antiblocking agents
5.2 Slip agents
5.3 Release agents
References
6 Compatibility and Performance
References
7 Diffusion and Migration
7.1 Diffusion
7.2 Distribution of additive in bulk and on surface
7.3 How mobility affects additive selection?
7.4 Additive transfer to material in contact
7.5 Additive loss
References
8 Interaction with Other Components of Formulation
8.1 Fillers
8.2 Other components of formulation
8.3 Synergy between surface additives
8.4 Other properties
References
9 Processing and Additive Performance
References
10 Effect on Product Properties
10.1 Mechanical properties
10.2 Mar and abrasion
10.3 Shrinkage and warpage
10.4 Blocking force
10.5 Adhesion to mold and demolding
10.6 Coefficient of friction
10.7 Residues on molds
10.8 Residues on molded parts
10.9 Optical properties
10.10 Rheological properties
10.11 Electrical properties
10.12 Structure and orientation
10.13 Thermal aging
10.14 UV radiation
10.15 Effect on other properties
References
11 Use in Specific Polymers
11.1 ABS
11.2 Acrylics
11.3 Bromobutyl rubber
11.4 Cellulose acetate
11.5 Cellulose, acetate, butyrate and propionate
11.6 Cellulose nitrate
11.7 Chlorinated polyvinylchloride
11.8 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene
11.9 Copolymers
11.10 Cyanoacrylates
11.11 Ethyl cellulose
11.12 Ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer, EPDM
11.13 Ethylene-propylene rubber, EPR
11.14 Epoxy resin
11.15 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVA
11.16 Ionomers
11.17 Nitrile rubber
11.18 Polyamide
11.19 Polybutadiene
11.20 Polycarbonate
11.21 Polyester
11.22 Polyetherimide
11.23 Polyethylene
11.24 Polyimide
11.25 Polylactide
11.26 Polymethylmethacrylate
11.27 Polyoxymethylene
11.28 Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)
11.29 Polyphenylene ether
11.30 Polypropylene
11.31 Polystyrene
11.32 Polysulfone
11.33 Poly(phenylene sulfide)
11.34 Polyvinylacetate
11.35 Polyvinylalcohol
11.36 Polyvinylbutyral
11.37 Polyvinylchloride
11.38 Polyurethanes
11.39 Proteins
11.40 Rubber, natural
11.41 Silicone
11.42 Styrene-butadiene rubber
11.43 Styrene-butadiene-styrene
11.44 Starch
References
12 Use in Industrial Products
12.1 Adhesives and sealants
12.2 Aerospace
12.3 Agriculture
12.4 Automotive applications
12.5 Bottles
12.6 Ceramic materials
12.7 Composites
12.8 Coated fabrics
12.9 Cosmetics
12.10 Dental materials
12.11 Electronics
12.12 Fibers
12.11 Film
12.12 Food
12.13 Foams
12.14 Gaskets
12.15 Inks, varnishes, and lacquers
12.16 Medical devices
12.17 Membranes
12.18 Paints and coatings
12.19 Pharmaceutical products
12.20 Photographic materials
12.21 Pipes
12.22 Roofing materials
12.23 Tires
12.24 Toys
12.25 Wire & cable
References
13 Various Processing Methods
13.1 Blow molding
13.2 Calendering
13.3 Coextrusion
13.4 Compression molding
13.5 Compounding (mixing)
13.6 Dip coating
13.7 Dryblending
13.8 Extrusion
13.9 Extrusion blow molding
13.10 Injection molding
13.11 Printing
13.12 Reaction injection molding
13.13 Rotational molding
13.14 Rubber processing
13.15 Slip casting
13.16 Thermoforming
13.17 Transfer molding
References
14 Specialized Analytical Methods
14.1 Identification
14.2 Determination of concentration
14.3 Determination of volatility and molecular motion
14.4 Study of materials containing additives
References
15 Mathematical Modelling
References
16 Health, Safety and Environmental
16.1 Antiblocking agents
16.1.1 Inorganic
16.1.1.1 Calcium carbonate
16.1.1.2 Carbon related materials
16.1.1.3 Ceramic and glass spheres and fly ash
16.1.1.4 Diatomaceous earth and natural silicas
16.1.1.5 Synthetic silica
16.1.1.6 Synthetic clay (laponite)
16.1.1.7 Talc
16.1.2 Organic
16.1.2.1 Microparticles
16.2 Release agents
16.2.1 Fluorocompounds
16.2.2 Polydimethylsiloxane
16.2.3 Polymeric waxes
16.2.4 Other chemical compounds
16.3 Slip agents
16.3.1 Acids
16.3.2 Esters
16.3.3 Fatty acid amides
16.3.4 Natural wax
16.3.5 Salts
References
17 Regulations and Data
17.1 Toxic substance control
17.2. Carcinogenic effect
17.3 Workplace exposure limits
17.4 Food regulatory acts
References
18 Personal Protection
18.1 Clothing
18.2 Gloves
18.3 Eye protection
18.4 Respiratory protection
References
