Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining

CH. 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Refinery Processes
1.3 Refinery Configuration

CH. 2: REFINERY FEEDSTOCKS AND PRODUCTS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Composition of Crude Oils
2.3 Products Composition
2.4 Physical Property Characterization Data
2.5 Chemical Analysis Data

CH. 3: THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS AND CRUDE OILS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Input Data
3.3 Pseudo Components
3.4 Thermo Physical Properties Calculation
3.5 Calculation of Enthalpy of Petroleum Fractions
3.6 Estimation of Properties Related to Phase Changes
3.7 Calculating Properties Utilizing UNISIM Software
Questions and Problems

CH. 4: CRUDE DISTILLATION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Process Description
4.3 Operation of Crude Distillation Units
4.4 Crude Oil Desalting
4.5 Vacuum Distillation
4.6 Crude Distillation Material Balance
4.7 Design of Crude Distillation Units Using Simulator
Questions and Problems

CH. 5: CATALYTIC REFORMING AND ISOMERIZATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Catalytic Reforming
5.3 Isomerization of Light Naphtha
Questions and Problems

CH. 6: THERMAL CRACKING AND COKING PROCESSES
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Coke Formation
6.3 Thermodynamics of Coking of Light Hydrocarbon
6.4 Visbreaking
6.5 Delayed Coking
6.6 Fluid Coking
6.7 Flexicoking
Questions and Problems

CH. 7: HYDROCONVERSION
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Hydrotreating
7.3 Hydrocracking
Questions and Problems

CH. 8: FLUIDISED CATALYTIC CRACKING
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Role of FCC in the Refinery
8.3 Feedstock and Products
8.4 Fluidisation
8.5 FCC Reactions
8.6 Thermodynamics of FCC Reactions
8.7 FCC Catalyst
8.8 FCC Configuration
8.9 Process Description
8.10 Modes of Fluidisation in FCC Unit
8.11 FCC Yield Correlations
8.12 Material and Energy Balances
8.13 Kinetic Model for FCC Reactor
8.14 Concentration and Temperature Profiles in the Riser
8.15 Simulation of FCC Unit
8.16 New Technology
Questions and Problems

CH. 9: PRODUCT BLENDING

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Reid Vapour Pressure Blending
9.3 Flash Point Blending
9.4 Pour Point Blending
9.5 Cloud Point Blending
9.6 Aniline Point Blending
9.7 Smoke Point Blending
9.8 Viscosity Blending
9.9 Gasoline Octane Number Blending
9.10 Linear Programming (LP) For Blending
Questions and Problems

CH. 10: ALKYLATION
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Role of Alkylation and Polymerization Units in the Refinery
10.3 Alkylation Processes
10.4 Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Alkylation
10.5 Performance of Alkylation Process
10.6 Material Balance Calculations Using Yield Factors
10.7 Simulation of the Alkylation Process
Questions and Problems

CH. 11: HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Hydrogen Requirements in Modern Refineries
11.3 Steam Reforming Hydrogen Sources
11.4 Product Purification
11.5 New Developments in Steam Reforming 
Questions and Problems

CH. 12: CLEAN FUELS
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Specifications of Clean Fuels
12.3 Production of Clean Fuels from Crude Oil
12.4 Production of Clean Fuels from Natural Gas and Coal
12.5 Production of Clean Fuels Using Biological Sources (Bio-Fuel)
Questions and Problems

CH. 13: RESIDUE UPGRADING
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Upgrading Options
13.3 Non-catalytic Residue Upgrading Processes
13.4 Catalytic Processes
Questions and Problems

CH. 14: SAFETY IN PETROLEUM REFINERIES
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Hazards in Refinery Units
14.3 Safety Programs and Regulations
14.4 Accidents and Loss Prevention Measures
14.5 Risk Management and Risk Assessment
14.6 Fire and Explosions
14.7  Hazard Analysis
14.8  Safety Considerations in Plant Layout
14.9 Safe Operation Systems
14.10  Emergency Alarms
14.11 Noise in Refinery
14.12 Questions and Problems

CH. 15: ACID GAS PROCESSING AND MERCAPTANS REMOVAL
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Absorption of Acid Gases
15.3 Sulphur Recovery
15.4 Mercaptans Removal
Questions and Problems

CH. 16: REFINERY ECONOMICS
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Refining Capacity
16.3 Refining Costs
16.4 Refining Margins
16.5 Refinery Complexity
16.6 Economic Analysis
16.7 Global Trends
Questions and Problems

CH. 17: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS IN REFINERY
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Wastes in Refinery Units
17.3 Waste Management
Questions and Problems

CH. 18: OVERALL REFINERY CASE STUDY
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Case Study

APPENDIX
Appendix A: Conversion Factors
Appendix B: Definition of Terms
Appendix C: Process Simulator (UNISIM) Manual
Appendix D: Research Octane Number for Hydrocarbons
Appendix C: Instrumentation and Control Drawings in the P&ID
NOTATION
INDEX