Environmental Biotechnology

A Biosystems Approach

Daniel Vallero, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

For more than a century, biotechnology has acted as a vital buffer between people, pollution and the environment. The field is designed to moderate, if not eliminate, the stresses we inflict upon the world's ecosystems. In order to do this effectively, a systems approach must be employed to maximize the sustainability of our efforts and improve the long term health our environment. This book will address the questions of how and why knowledge and understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological principles of the environment must be achieved for the effective development of biotechnology applications. Using a systems biology approach, Environmental Biotechnology will provide a context for researchers and practitioners in environmental science. It will serve as a complement to the useful guidebooks which provide the necessary specifications and criteria for a wide range of environmental designs and applications by providing the underlying principles for the specifications, an area which is most important to scientific researchers in this arena to develop further technologies.

Audience
researchers in environmental biology, nanotechnology, systems biology and microbiology; environmental engineers; scientists at engineering and remediation companies and public organizations; practitioners in applied biology fields; graduate and post-doctoral students in these areas of science

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Hardbound,

Published: March 2010

Imprint: Academic Press

ISBN: 978-0-12-375089-1

Biochemodynamics: A Systems Approach to Environmental Biotechnology
Daniel A. Vallero, Ph.D.

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Environmental Biotechnology: An Overview
Biochemodynamics
Assessing the Biotechnological Impacts
Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Discussion Box: Little Things Matter in a Chaotic World
The Environmental Biotechnology Discipline
  Biotechnology and Society
Risk and Reliability: Some Forethought
Beyond Biotechnological Applications
Terminology
Eureka!
Oh No!
The Science of Environmental Biotechnology
Boxes and Envelopes
Review Questions
Notes and Commentary
Chapter 2: A Question of Balance: Using versus Abusing Biological Systems
Environmental Biomimicry
Engineered Systems Inspired by Biology
Environmental Biochemodynamics
Biophile Cycling
Sequestration
  Carbon Sequestration in Soil
  Active Sequestration
Nitrogen and Sulfur Biochemodynamics
Review Questions
Notes and Resources
Chapter 3: Environmental Biochemodynamic Processes
Cellular Thermodynamics
  Importance of Free Energy in Microbial Metabolism
Dissolution
  Phase Partitioning
Thermodynamics in Abiotic and Biotic Systems
  Volatility/Solubility/Density Relationships
  Environmental Balances
  Fugacity
Sorption
Volatilization
Bioavailability
  Persistent Bioaccumulating Toxic Substances
  Discussion Box: The Inuit and Persistent Organic Pollutants
   Extrinsic Factors
Biochemodynamic Persistence and Half-Life
Fugacity, Z Values, and Henrys Law
Advection
Dispersion
  Aerodynamic and Hydrodynamic Dispersion
Diffusion
Overall Effect of the Fluxes, Sinks and Sources
Biochemodynamic Transport Models
Level 1 Model
Level 2 Model
Level 3 Model
Review Questions
Notes and Commentary
Chapter 4: Systems
Biotechnological Systems
Putting Biology to Work
Scale
Systems Synergies: Biotechnological Analysis
Using Bioindicators
Biosensors
Relationship between Green Engineering and Biotechnology
Review Questions
Notes
Chapter 5: Environmental Risks of Biotechnologies
Estimating Biotechnological Risks
Dose-Response
Exposure Estimation
  Discussion Box: Exposure Calculation
Direct Bioengineering Risk Calculations
Discussion Box: Cancer Risk Calculation
Discussion Box: Non-cancer Risk Calculation
Risk-based cleanup standards
Discussion Box: Treatment by Genetic Modification
  Discussion Box: Risk-Based Contaminant Cleanup
  Discussion Box: Biotechnical Communications
Review Questions
Notes and Commentary
Chapter 6: Reducing Biotechnological Risks
  Case Study Box: Genetic Biocontrols of Invaders
Discussion Box: Discussion Box: Biochemodynamics of Pharmaceuticals
Risk Causes
  Biographical Box: Sir Bradford Hill
Case Study Box: Managing Risks by Distinguishing between Progenitor and Genetically Modified Microbes
Failure: Human Factors Engineering
  Utility as a Measure of Success
  Failure Type 1: Mistakes and Miscalculations
Failure Type 2: Extraordinary Natural Circumstances
Failure Type 3: Critical Path
Failure Type 4: Negligence
Failure Type 5: Lack of Imagination
Bioterrorism: Bad Biotechnology
Review Questions
Notes and Commentary
Chapter 7: Applied Microbial Ecology: Bioremediation
Systematic View of Oxygen
Biodegradation and Bioremediation
Biochemodynamics of Biodegradation
  Off-site Treatment
Digestion
Discussion Box: Biochemodynamic Films
Aerobic Biodegradation
  Trickling Filter
Activated Sludge
Aeration Ponds
Anaerobic Biodegradation
Multimedia-Multiphase Bioremediation
Phytoremediation
Biomarkers
Bioengineering Considerations for Genetically Modified Organisms
Discussion Box: Measuring Biodegradation Success
   Nitric Oxide as an Indicator of Degradation
   Humility in Biotechnological Modeling
Developing an Indirect, Chemical Model of Microbial Activity
Model Comparison to Laboratory Study for Toluene Degradation
Review Questions
Notes and Commentary
Chapter 8: Biotechnological Implications: A Systems Approach
Systematic View of Biotechnological Risks
Applied Thermodynamics
Predicting Environmental Implications
Environmental Implications of Engineering Organisms
Genetic Engineering Basics
  Conventional Breeding Approaches
  Modification of Organisms without Introducing Foreign DNA
Modification of Organisms by Introducing Foreign DNA
Transfected DNA
Vector-borne DNA
Environmental Aspects of Cisgenic and Transgenic Organisms
Foreign DNA in Plants
Biochemodynamic Flow of Modified Genetic Material
Review Questions
Notes and Commentary
Chapter 9: Environmental Risks of Biotechnologies: Economic Sector Perspectives
Industrial Biotechnology
  Production of Enzymes
  The Organism
  Health and Safety Regulations
  Environmental Implications
Medical Biotechnology
  Discussion Box: Patenting Life
  Bio-Uptake and Bioaccumulation
  Discussion Box: Hormonally Active Agents
   Determining Estrogenicity
   Environmental Fate of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds
   Treatment of EDCs in Drinking Water - UV applications
   Modeling the UV/H2O2 Process
  Environmental Implications
  Animal Biotechnology
Agricultural Biotechnology
Discussion Box: King Corn or Frankencorn
   Genetic Modification
  Gene Flow
Review Questions
Notes and Commentary
Chapter 10: Addressing Biotechnological Pollutants
Cleaning Up Biotechnological Operations
Intervention at the Source of Contamination
Intervention at the Point of Release
Intervention during Transport
Intervention to Control the Exposure
Intervention at the Point of Response
Thermal Treatment of Biotechnological Wastes
Calculating Destruction Removal
Other Thermal Strategies
Nitrogen and Sulfur Problems
Review Questions
Notes and Commentary
Chapter 11: Analyzing the Environmental Implications of Biotechnologies
   Discussion Box: Biological Agent: Stachybotrys
Life Cycle as an Analytical Methodology
Revisiting Failure and Blame
Environmental Accountability
Life Cycle Applications
Utility and the Benefit/Cost Analysis
Predicting Environmental Damage
  Analysis of Biotechnological Implications
  Checklist for Ethical Decision Making
Review Questions
Notes and Commentary
Chapter 12: Managing Biotechnologies
Bioengineering Perspectives
Systematic Biotechnology and the Status Quo
A Few Words about Environmental Ethics
Biotechnology Decision Tools
  Accountability
  Value
  Informing Decisions
Green Engineering and Biotechnology
Green Engineering and Biotechnology
  Discussion Box: Probability and Biotechnology
Risk Homeostasis and the Theory of Offsetting Behavior
Artifacts
Review Questions
Notes and Commentary
Glossary
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Index

Environmental Biotechnology

A Biosystems Approach

Contents