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Comprehensive Hard Materials Comprehensive Hard Materials 1st Edition - February 1, 2014
Editors: Daniele Mari, Vinod Sarin, Luis Miguel, Christoph E. Nebel
Hardback ISBN: 9780080965277 9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 9 6 5 2 7 - 7
eBook ISBN: 9780080965284 9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 9 6 5 2 8 - 4
Comprehensive Hard Materials, Three Volume Set deals with the production, uses and properties of the carbides, nitrides and borides of these metals and those of titanium, as well a… Read more
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Comprehensive Hard Materials, Three Volume Set deals with the production, uses and properties of the carbides, nitrides and borides of these metals and those of titanium, as well as tools of ceramics, the superhard boron nitrides and diamond and related compounds. Articles include the technologies of powder production (including their precursor materials), milling, granulation, cold and hot compaction, sintering, hot isostatic pressing, hot-pressing, injection moulding, as well as on the coating technologies for refractory metals, hard metals and hard materials. The characterization, testing, quality assurance and applications are also covered. Comprehensive Hard Materials provides meaningful insights on materials at the leading edge of technology. It aids continued research and development of these materials and as such it is a critical information resource to academics and industry professionals facing the technological challenges of the future.
Hard materials operate at the leading edge of technology, and continued research and development of such materials is critical to meet the technological challenges of the future. Users of this work can improve their knowledge of basic principles and gain a better understanding of process/structure/property relationships. With the convergence of nanotechnology, coating techniques, and functionally graded materials to the cognitive science of cemented carbides, cermets, advanced ceramics, super-hard materials and composites, it is evident that the full potential of this class of materials is far from exhausted. This work unites these important areas of research and will provide useful insights to users through its extensive cross-referencing and thematic presentation. To link academic to industrial usage of hard materials and vice versa, this work deals with the production, uses and properties of the carbides, nitrides and borides of these metals and those of titanium, as well as tools of ceramics, the superhard boron nitrides and diamond and related compounds. This work will appeal to every materials science department in every academic institution, government department and large corporation.
Preface Editor-in-Chief Volume Editors List of Contributors Volume 1: Hardmetals Section I: Introduction to Hardmetals 1.01. History of Hardmetals Abstract 1.01.1 Introduction to Hardmetals-Definitions and Classification 1.01.2 History of Hardmetals 1.01.3 Alloyed WC-Hardmetals and Patent Controversies 1.01.4 The Coating of Hardmetals 1.01.5 Cermets 1.01.6 Cutting Tool Materials, Ceramic and Ultrahard 1.01.7 A Short Survey of the Literature of Hardmetals and Hard Materials 1.01.8 Conclusion References 1.02. Fundamentals and General Applications of Hardmetals Abstract Acknowledgments 1.02.1 Introduction 1.02.2 Metallurgy of Hardmetals 1.02.3 Role of the Binder 1.02.4 Functional Gradient Hardmetals 1.02.5 Key Properties of Hardmetals 1.02.6 General Applications of Hardmetals References Website Resources 1.03. Microstructure and Morphology of Hardmetals Abstract 1.03.1 Introduction 1.03.2 WC-Co (Ni) Alloys 1.03.3 Other Cemented Carbides and Cermets References Section II: Classes of Materials 1.04. Cemented Tungsten Carbide Hardmetal-An Introduction Abstract 1.04.1 Introduction 1.04.2 Processing of Cemented WC 1.04.3 Mechanical Properties and the Role of Microstructure in Cemented WC 1.04.4 Industrial Applications 1.04.5 Conclusions References 1.05. Cermets Abstract Glossary 1.05.1 Thermodynamics of Hard Phases 1.05.2 Microstructure of Ti-Based Cermets References Section III: Synthesis and Processing 1.06. Powder Synthesis Abstract 1.06.1 Tungsten Carbide 1.06.2 Other Refractory Carbide Species 1.06.3 Titanium Carbonitride 1.06.4 Cobalt References 1.07. Powder Processing and Green Shaping Abstract Acknowledgments Glossary 1.07.1 Introduction 1.07.2 Hardmetal Compositions 1.07.3 Tungsten Carbide Powder 1.07.4 Powder Selection 1.07.5 Powder Mixing and Particle Size Reduction 1.07.6 Production of Dried Powder 1.07.7 Green Shaping 1.07.8 Environmental, Health and Safety References 1.08. Consolidation Techniques Abstract Nomenclature 1.08.1 Introduction to Sintering Processes 1.08.2 Phenomenological Description of Sintering 1.08.3 Liquid-Phase Sintering 1.08.4 Microstructures and Microstructure Development 1.08.5 Solution-Reprecipitation 1.08.6 Solid Skeletal Sintering 1.08.7 Pressure-Assisted Sintering 1.08.8 Practical Consolidation Cycles 1.08.9 Computer Simulation 1.08.10 Summary References Section IV: Mechanical Properties 1.09. Hardness and Deformation of Hardmetals at Room Temperature Abstract Glossary 1.09.1 Introduction 1.09.2 Structure-Property Relation 1.09.3 Hardness 1.09.4 Elastic Moduli and Deformation Behavior Cross-references References 1.10. Fracture and Strength of Hardmetals at Room Temperature Abstract Glossary 1.10.1 Introduction 1.10.2 Fracture of Hardmetals 1.10.3 Fracture Toughness 1.10.4 Strength and Critical Defects Cross-references References 1.11. Fatigue of Cemented Carbides Abstract Acknowledgments 1.11.1 Introduction 1.11.2 Strength Degradation under Cyclic Loads 1.11.3 Fatigue Crack Growth 1.11.4 Fatigue Behavior of Hardmetals under Service-like Conditions 1.11.5 Final Remarks References 1.12. Wear of Hardmetals Abstract Glossary 1.12.1 Introduction 1.12.2 Main Types of Wear 1.12.3 Abrasion 1.12.4 Sliding Wear 1.12.5 Erosion 1.12.6 Impact Wear and Thermal Fatigue 1.12.7 Scratch Experiments as Models of Single-Point Abrasion 1.12.8 Wear of Cermets and Surface-Modified WC/CO Carbides 1.12.9 Mechanisms of Wear for Hardmetals References 1.13. Residual Stresses Abstract 1.13.1 Introduction 1.13.2 Method of Measurement 1.13.3 Bulk Thermal Residual Microstresses 1.13.4 Interaction with External Loads 1.13.5 Role of Residual Stresses in Mechanical Behavior References 1.14. Mechanical Behavior of Hardmetals at High Temperature Abstract 1.14.1 Introduction 1.14.2 Materials 1.14.3 Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature 1.14.4 Evolution of Mechanical Properties with Temperature 1.14.5 Deformation of Cemented Carbides: General Discussion 1.14.6 Model of the Life of Carbide Tools 1.14.7 Conclusions References Section V: Applications 1.15. Cemented Carbides for Mining, Construction and Wear Parts Abstract Acknowledgments Glossary Terms and Definitions 1.15.1 Introduction 1.15.2 Special Features of Applications of WC-Co Cemented Carbides in Mining, Construction and as Wear Parts 1.15.3 Basic Industrial Cemented Carbides for Mining and Construction 1.15.4 Basic Industrial Cemented Carbides for Wear Parts 1.15.5 Modern Trends in Research and Development of Novel Cemented Carbides for Mining, Construction and Wear Parts References List of Relevant Websites 1.16. Coating Applications for Cutting Tools Abstract 1.16.1 Introduction 1.16.2 CVD Hard Coatings 1.16.3 PVD Hard Coatings 1.16.4 Posttreatment 1.16.5 Application Example 1.16.6 Summary and Outlook References 1.17. Coatings by Thermal Spray Abstract Glossary 1.17.1 General 1.17.2 Historical Development of the Spray Processes for Hardmetal Coatings 1.17.3 Hard-Phase Properties 1.17.4 Hardmetal Compositions for Thermal Spray Coatings 1.17.5 Feedstock Materials 1.17.6 Processes during Spraying and Coating Formation 1.17.7 Coating Characterization Methods 1.17.8 Coating Microstructures and Properties 1.17.9 Applications References 1.18. Coatings by Laser Cladding Abstract Glossary 1.18.1 Overview of Laser Processes for Surface Modifications Using Feedstock Materials 1.18.2 The Laser Cladding Process 1.18.3 Historical Development of Laser Cladding 1.18.4 State-of-the-Art Laser Cladding Process 1.18.5 Materials and Interactions 1.18.6 Methods of Coating Characterization 1.18.7 Hard Phase Feedstock Materials 1.18.8 Wear Resistance and Applications References 1.19. Joining Cemented Carbides Abstract Aknowledgments Glossary 1.19.1 Introduction 1.19.2 Joining Processes Summary References Volume 2: Ceramics Section I: Introduction 2.01. Fundamental Aspects of Hard Ceramics Abstract Nomenclature 2.01.1 Introduction 2.01.2 Structure and Property Relationships 2.01.3 Processing and Fabrication of Ceramics 2.01.4 Microstructure 2.01.5 Mechanical Properties 2.01.6 Some Examples of Hard Ceramics 2.01.7 Summary References 2.02. Processing of Alumina and Corresponding Composites Abstract Acknowledgments Glossary 2.02.1 Introduction 2.02.2 Production of Alumina 2.02.3 Alumina Materials 2.02.4 Fabrication of Alumina Materials 2.02.5 Fabrication of Alumina-Matrix Composites 2.02.6 Fabrication of Alumina-Based Laminates 2.02.7 Fabrication of Alumina Nanocomposites 2.02.8 Concluding Remarks References Section II: Synthesis and Processing 2.03. Synthesis/Processing of Silicon Nitride Ceramics Abstract 2.03.1 Overview of Silicon Nitride Ceramics 2.03.2 Types of Silicon Nitride 2.03.3 Powders and Their Processing 2.03.4 Shape Making 2.03.5 Densification 2.03.6 Finishing 2.03.7 Effects on Properties and Behavior 2.03.8 Summary and Suggested Further Research References 2.04. Processing of Silicon Carbide-Based Ceramics Abstract Acknowledgments 2.04.1 Introduction 2.04.2 Phase Relations and Crystal Structure 2.04.3 SiC Raw Materials Production 2.04.4 Silicon Carbide-Based Ceramics 2.04.5 Summary and Prospects References 2.05. Spark Plasma Sintering of Nanoceramic Composites Abstract Acknowledgments 2.05.1 Introduction 2.05.2 Spark Plasma Sintering: Phenomenological Description 2.05.3 Spark Plasma Sintering: Thermal and Electric Field Distribution 2.05.4 SPS of Oxide Nanoceramics 2.05.5 Spark Plasma Sintering of WC-Based Nanoceramic Composites 2.05.6 Conclusions and Outlook References 2.06. Advanced Manufacturing of Hard Ceramics Abstract 2.06.1 Introduction 2.06.2 The Processing Chain of Ceramics Manufacturing 2.06.3 Before the Start-Definition of a Set of Requirements 2.06.4 Pressing 2.06.5 Manufacturing by Plastic Forming 2.06.6 Manufacturing by Casting Processes 2.06.7 Final Machining 2.06.8 Case Studies 2.06.9 Summary, Remarks, and Future Aspects References 2.07. Joining Methods for Hard Ceramics Abstract Acknowledgments 2.07.1 Introduction 2.07.2 Types and Classification of Ceramic Joining Methods 2.07.3 Direct Bonding 2.07.4 Diffusion Bonding with Metallic Interlayers 2.07.5 Indirect Liquid-Phase Joining 2.07.6 Joining through Ceramic and Glass Interlayers 2.07.7 Development of Residual Thermal Stresses 2.07.8 Testing the Joining Strength 2.07.9 Examples and Applications 2.07.10 Concluding Remarks References Standard References Section III: Microstructure and Properties 2.08. Microstructural Characterization of Hard Ceramics Abstract Acknowledgment 2.08.1 Introduction 2.08.2 Microstructural Parameters 2.08.3 Recent Advances in Microstructural Characterization Techniques 2.08.4 Summary and Conclusions References 2.09. Mechanical Characterization of Ceramics: Designing with Brittle Materials Abstract Nomenclature 2.09.1 Introduction 2.09.2 Fracture and Strength of Brittle Materials 2.09.3 Probability of Brittle Failure 2.09.4 Designing with Brittle Materials 2.09.5 Summary References 2.10. Toughness, Fatigue and Thermal Shock of Ceramics: Microstructural Effects Abstract 2.10.1 Introduction 2.10.2 Fracture Behavior 2.10.3 Subcritical Crack Growth 2.10.4 Cyclic Fatigue 2.10.5 Thermal Shock Behavior 2.10.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends References 2.11. High-Temperature Mechanical Behavior of Hard Ceramics Abstract Nomenclature 2.11.1 Introduction 2.11.2 Creep Mechanisms in Polycrystalline Materials 2.11.3 High-Temperature Creep Behavior of Technical Ceramics 2.11.4 Creep Rupture of Ceramics 2.11.5 Concluding Remarks References 2.12. Mechanical Behavior of SiC Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites Abstract 2.12.1 Introduction 2.12.2 Micromechanical Analysis 2.12.3 Monotonic Tensile Behavior 2.12.4 Effects of Oxidation on Mechanical Behavior 2.12.5 Cyclic and Static Fatigue 2.12.6 Creep 2.12.7 Conclusions References 2.13. Resistance to Contact Deformation and Damage of Hard Ceramics Abstract Acknowledgments Glossary 2.13.1 Introduction 2.13.2 Experimental Setup for Hertzian Indentation 2.13.3 Mechanics of Elastic Spherical Contact 2.13.4 Damage in Hard Ceramics 2.13.5 Some Examples in the Literature 2.13.6 Conclusions References 2.14. Wear of Hard Ceramics Abstract 2.14.1 Introduction 2.14.2 Definitions and Experimental Methods 2.14.3 Oxides 2.14.4 Nonoxide Ceramics 2.14.5 Composites 2.14.6 Laminated Structures 2.14.7 Conclusions References 2.15. Corrosion of Ceramic Materials Abstract 2.15.1 Introduction 2.15.2 Corrosion in Gases 2.15.3 Corrosion in Aqueous Solutions 2.15.4 Final Remarks References Section IV: Coatings and Applications 2.16. PVD and CVD Hard Coatings Abstract Acknowledgments Glossary 2.16.1 Introduction 2.16.2 Coating Deposition Techniques 2.16.3 Nitrides and Carbonitrides 2.16.4 Carbides 2.16.5 Borides 2.16.6 Oxides 2.16.7 Diamond-like Carbon 2.16.8 Multilayers, Nanolaminates, and Nanocomposites 2.16.9 Summary and Outlook References 2.17. Thermal and Environmental Barrier Coatings for Si-Based Ceramics Abstract 2.17.1 Introduction 2.17.2 Environmental Barrier Coatings 2.17.3 Thermal Barrier/Environmental Barrier Coating Systems 2.17.4 Future Directions 2.17.5 Conclusions References 2.18. Ceramic Cutting Tools Abstract Glossary 2.18.1 Introduction and Overview 2.18.2 Wear Mechanisms of Ceramic Cutting Tools 2.18.3 Ceramic Cutting Tool Materials 2.18.4 Concluding Comments References Volume 3: Super Hard Materials Section I: Theory 3.01. The Physics of Strong Bonds Abstract Acknowledgments 3.01.1 Introduction and Background 3.01.2 Ab Initio and Semiempirical Methods 3.01.3 Materials, Bonding, and Mechanical Properties 3.01.4 Conclusions References 3.02. From Diamond to Superhard Borides and Oxides Abstract Acknowledgments 3.02.1 Introduction 3.02.2 Hardness and Elastic Constants 3.02.3 Diamond and Related Cubic Superhard Structures 3.02.4 Superhard Borides 3.02.5 Superhard Oxides 3.02.6 Conclusion References 3.03. High-Pressure Phase Diagrams of the Systems Containing Carbon and BN Abstract Nomenclature 3.03.1 Introduction 3.03.2 One-Component Systems 3.03.3 Binary and Ternary Systems 3.03.4 Conclusions References 3.04. Theory of Superhard Materials Abstract Acknowledgments 3.04.1 Hardness: A Brief Introduction 3.04.2 Brief Overview of the Models of Hardness. Li's Model. Accounting for Structural Topology and Distortions 3.04.3 Global Optimization and its Application for the Discovery of Superhard Materials 3.04.4 Some Applications 3.04.5 Conclusions References 3.05. Taming the Untamable-The Art and Science of Diamond Polishing Abstract 3.05.1 Introduction 3.05.2 Experiment 3.05.3 Wear Models and Wear Modeling 3.05.4 Removal Scenarios for the Amorphous Phase; Etching vs. Plowing 3.05.5 Conclusions and Future Challenges References Section II: Materials: Growth, Properties and Applications: Carbon-Based DLC 3.06. Diamond-Like Carbon Films, Properties and Applications Abstract 3.06.1 Introduction 3.06.2 Definition of Diamond-Like Carbon 3.06.3 Growth Methods 3.06.4 Deposition Mechanism of DLC 3.06.5 Basic Properties 3.06.6 Characterisation 3.06.7 Film Adhesion 3.06.8 Mechanical Properties 3.06.9 Some Applications of DLC 3.06.10 Conclusions References Section III: Nanoe–and–Poly–Diamond 3.07. Production of Nanodiamond Particles Abstract Acknowledgments 3.07.1 Introduction 3.07.2 Stability of Diamond at the Nanoscale 3.07.3 Types of Nanodiamond Particles 3.07.4 Recent Achievements in Production of Detonation Nanodiamond 3.07.5 Brief Survey of Applications of Nanodiamond Particles as Superhard Additives 3.07.6 Future Directions of Production and Applications References 3.08. Nanopolycrystalline Diamond without Binder and its Application to Various High-Pressure Apparatus Abstract Acknowledgments Glossary 3.08.1 Introduction 3.08.2 Synthesis of NPD Using Large-Volume KMA 3.08.3 Nature of NPD 3.08.4 Application to High-Pressure Studies 3.08.5 Future Perspectives References Section IV: Single Crystalline Diamond 3.09. HPHT Synthesis of Large, High-Quality, Single Crystal Diamonds Abstract Glossary 3.09.1 Introduction 3.09.2 HPHT Synthesis of High-Purity Large Single Crystal Diamond 3.09.3 Crystalline Quality 3.09.4 Physical Properties 3.09.5 Mechanical Properties 3.09.6 Applications References 3.10. Ultrafast Deposition of Diamond by Plasma-Enhanced CVD Abstract Acknowledgments Glossary 3.10.1 Introduction 3.10.2 Growth Rate and Active Species 3.10.3 Means for Studying the Plasma: Modeling and Optical Diagnostics 3.10.4 Analysis of the Plasma Operating at High Power Density: Identification of the Main Production and Loss Processes for H Atoms and CH3 Radicals 3.10.5 How Can We Increase the Growth Rates 3.10.6 Conclusion References 3.11. Single Crystal Diamond Growth on Iridium Abstract Acknowledgments Glossary 3.11.1 Introduction 3.11.2 Diamond Nucleation 3.11.3 Oriented Diamond Deposition on Heterosubstrates 3.11.4 Heteroepitaxy of Diamond on Iridium 3.11.5 Different Concepts for a Scaling-up: Ir on Large Oxide Single Crystals versus Silicon-Based Multilayer Structures 3.11.6 Single Crystal Diamond Deposition on Arbitrary Substrates 3.11.7 Present State-of-the-Art Heteroepitaxial Diamond Films 3.11.8 Applications of Heteroepitaxial Diamond Crystals 3.11.9 Summary and Outlook References 3.12. Conductivity and Impurity Doping on Single Crystal Diamond Abstract Glossary 3.12.1 Homoepitaxial Growth of Single Crystal Diamond 3.12.2 Impurity Doping by PECVD 3.12.3 Electronic Properties 3.12.4 Electrical Properties 3.12.5 Ohmic Contact Issue in n-Type Diamond 3.12.6 Diamond Bipolar Applications References 3.13. Single-Ion Implantation in Diamond with a High Lateral Resolution: A Key Technology for the Fabrication of Quantum Devices Abstract Acknowledgments 3.13.1 Introduction 3.13.2 Physical Effects Limiting the Spatial Resolution 3.13.3 Ion Implantation Setups to Create Single NV Centers 3.13.4 Scheme of Individual Addressing of NV Centers 3.13.5 Conclusions References Section V: Selected Properties of Diamond and Applications 3.14. Surface Electronic Properties of Diamond Abstract Acknowledgments 3.14.1 Introduction 3.14.2 Dipole Effects on Diamond Surfaces 3.14.3 Surface Conductivity of Undoped Diamond in Air 3.14.4 Surface Electronic Properties of Diamond Covered with Adsorbates 3.14.5 Surface Electronic Properties of Diamond in Electrolyte Solutions 3.14.6 Conclusions References 3.15. Polycrystalline CVD Diamond for Industrial Applications Abstract Acknowledgments 3.15.1 Introduction 3.15.2 CVD of Diamond 3.15.3 CVD Diamond Radiation Windows 3.15.4 Thermal Management Applications 3.15.5 3D CVD Diamond Components 3.15.6 Conclusion References 3.16. Diamond Nanoparticles: Surface Modifications and Applications 3.16.1 Introduction 3.16.2 The Surface of Nanoscale Diamond 3.16.3 Modifications to the Initial Surface Termination of ND 3.16.4 Surface Functionalization of ND 3.16.5 Applications of ND 3.16.6 Summary References 3.17. Diamond for Particle and Photon Detection in Extreme Conditions Abstract Acknowledgments 3.17.1 Introduction 3.17.2 Historical Outline 3.17.3 Detector Physics 3.17.4 Basic Diamond Assemblies 3.17.5 On the Radiation Tolerance of Diamond Detectors 3.17.6 Diamond Applications in Hot Environments 3.17.7 Concluding Remarks References 3.18. Single Color Centers in Diamond: Materials, Devices, and Applications Abstract List of Acronyms 3.18.1 Introduction 3.18.2 Materials Science of Artificial Atoms in Diamond 3.18.3 Applications and Devices Based on Color Centers 3.18.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook References 3.19. Electrochemical Application of Diamond Electrodes Abstract 3.19.1 Introduction 3.19.2 Preparation of BDD Electrodes 3.19.3 Electrochemical Properties of BDD as Electrode Materials 3.19.4 Applications 3.19.5 Modified BDD Electrodes with Functions 3.19.6 Basic Study on Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes 3.19.7 Summary References Section VI: Other Carbon Phases 3.20. Superhard Materials Based on Fullerenes and Nanotubes Abstract Glossary 3.20.1 Introduction 3.20.2 Harder than Diamond Carbon Materials Synthesis Possibilities 3.20.3 Mechanical Properties Research under Pressure in Shear Diamond Anvil Cells on Ultrahard Fullerite and Superhard Nanotubes 3.20.4 The Superhard and Ultrahard Carbon Materials Mechanical Properties Comparative Analysis 3.20.5 The Structural Transition Sequence in С60 at Thermobaric Treatment 3.20.6 Conclusion Cross-references References 3.21. Nanostructured Superhard Carbon Phases Synthesized from Fullerites under Pressure Abstract Acknowledgments 3.21.1 Introduction 3.21.2 Problems of Hardness and Moduli Measurements 3.21.3 High Elastic Moduli and Bridge to Ideal Mechanical Characteristics 3.21.4 Experimental Details 3.21.5 Transitional Phase Diagram of Fullerite C60 3.21.6 Regions of Hard Carbon Phases 3.21.7 Hard Nanostructured Carbon Modifications Prepared at Moderate Pressures and High Temperatures 3.21.8 Amorphous Diamond-like Carbon and Diamond-based Nanocomposites 3.21.9 Correlation between Density, Elasticity, and Hardness for New Carbon Phases 3.21.10 Nonhydrostatic Stresses and Anisotropy of Mechanical Properties of Hard Carbon Phases 3.21.11 Final Remarks References 3.22. Graphene Properties and Application 3.22.1 Introduction to Graphene 3.22.2 General Properties of Graphene 3.22.3 Surface Modification Effects on Graphene and its Application in PV Cells 3.22.4 Conclusions References Section VII: III-V Based and Novel Materials 3.23. Synthesis and Properties of Single Crystalline cBN and Its Sintered Body Abstract 3.23.1 Single Crystal Cubic Boron Nitride 3.23.2 cBN Sintered Body 3.23.3 Summary and Future Perspective References 3.24. Cubic Boron Nitride Films: Properties and Applications Abstract 3.24.1 Introduction 3.24.2 Thermodynamics of BN Phases 3.24.3 Low-Pressure Depositions of BN Films and Mechanism 3.24.4 Phase Composition and Structures of cBN Films 3.24.5 Properties and Applications of cBN Films References 3.25. High-Pressure Synthesis of Novel Superhard Phases Abstract 3.25.1 Introduction 3.25.2 Synthesis of New Boron Allotrope, Orthorhombic γ-B28 3.25.3 New Superhard Binary B-C and B-N Phases 3.25.4 Novel Superhard Diamond-like Ternary B-C-N Phases 3.25.5 Conclusions References Index Author Index Published: February 1, 2014
Hardback ISBN: 9780080965277
eBook ISBN: 9780080965284
Christoph E. Nebel Christoph Nebel is at Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Freiburg, Germany
Affiliations and expertise
Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Freiburg, Germany View book on ScienceDirect