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Chronic Renal Disease
1st Edition - September 24, 2014
Editors: Paul L. Kimmel, Mark E. Rosenberg
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:9780124116023
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 1 1 6 0 2 - 3
eBook ISBN:9780124116160
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 1 1 6 1 6 - 0
Chronic Renal Disease comprehensively investigates the physiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This translational reference…Read more
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Chronic Renal Disease comprehensively investigates the physiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This translational reference takes an in-depth look at CKD while excluding coverage of dialysis or transplantation, which are both well detailed in other textbooks and references. Chapters in the basic science sections are devoted to the scientific underpinnings of the development and progression of CKD, including consideration of different etiologic factors. Chapters in the treatment and management sections are geared towards the most common problems faced by nephrologists in the management of CKD. Each chapter relates specific illnesses to the CKD framework instead of covering only the specific illness. Readers will learn, for example, how the management of CKD in a patient with diabetic nephropathy differs from that of other CKD patients. Chapters indicate which unique complications the reader needs to be aware of when treating a specific patient or disease.
Chronic Renal Disease includes a companion web-based question and answer supplement to each chapter. This is a valuable resource to reinforce the content of the chapters. The questions are multiple-choice, clinically focused and include referenced discussions of answers. The questions can be used for medical student, resident and fellow teaching, preparation for board or maintenance of certification examinations, and clinician teaching or conference preparation.
Provides a useful resource to professors who need to create lectures for residents and fellows, and to identify and summarize relevant literature as it relates to various research projects
Includes multiple choice questions and answers, which can be used as a teaching tool for conferences and continuing medical education activities
Includes coverage of classification and measurement, epidemiology, pathophysiology, complications of CKD, fluid / electrolyte disorders in CKD, CKD and systemic illnesses, clinical considerations, therapeutic considerations, and special considerations
Residents and fellows in nephrology, practicing clinicians and clinician researchers in nephrology
List of Contributors
Abbreviations
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1. Introduction: Chronic Renal Disease
Part II: Classification and Measurement
Chapter 2. From Bright’s Disease to Chronic Kidney Disease
Bright’s Disease
Pathologies
Physiologies
Treatments and Progression
CKD
References
Chapter 3. Classification of Chronic Kidney Disease – Historic Perspective: From Insufficiency and Failure to Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Definition and Classification of CKD
General Population CKD Screening
Targeted Screening
Identity of CKD in Primary Care
Clinical Research
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 4. Assessing Kidney Function
What is Kidney Function?
Direct Measurement of GFR
Endogenous Filtration Markers
Estimation of Measured GFR
Conclusions
References
Chapter 5. Clinical Assessment and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Across its Stages
Introduction
Overview of CKD
Specific Treatment Recommendations
Delivery of CKD Care
Conclusion
References
Part III: Epidemiology
Chapter 6. Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease: Scope of the Problem
Introduction
Background
Global Burden of CKD
Major Risk Factors for CKD
Conclusion: Scope of the Problem of CKD
References
Chapter 7. Gender Issues in Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Gender and Non-Diabetic CKD
Gender and Diabetic CKD
Factors Contributing to Gender Differences in Renal Disease Progression
Therapeutic Implications
Conclusion and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Part IV: Pathophysiology
Chapter 8. The Uremic Syndrome
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms of Uremia
Causes of Persistent Uremia with Current ESRD Therapy
Properties of Poorly Dialyzed Solutes
Prospects for Advances in Uremia Therapy
Conclusions
References
Chapter 9. The Pathophysiology of Proteinuria
Introduction
Pathogenesis of Albuminuria
Renal Consequences of Albuminuria
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10. Protein Energy Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease
Scope of the Problem
Pathophysiology of PEW
Diagnosis of PEW in CKD
Treatment of PEW in CKD
Recommendations and Guidelines
Conclusions
References
Chapter 11. Aging and the Kidney: Clinical and Pathophysiological Issues
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Summary
References
Chapter 12. Pathophysiology of Progression: Organ and Cellular Considerations
Introduction
Compartmental Processes
Tubular Processes
Interstitial Processes
Specific Mediators and Inhibitors of Chronic Kidney Disease
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13. Pathophysiology of Diabetic Nephropathy
Introduction
Pathology
Clinical Course
Metabolic Mechanisms of Diabetic Nephropathy
Glomerular Hemodynamics and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
TGF-β is the Downstream Mediator of ECM Accumulation in DN
Genetic Risk Factors
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14. Pathophysiology of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease
Scope of the Problem and Public Health Implications
Pathophysiology of Hypertension in CKD
Sodium Retention and Fluid Retention
Raas Hyperactivation
Sympathetic Nervous System Hyperactivation
Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction
Drugs and Other Exposures
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15. Chronic Kidney Disease and Vascular Endothelium
Development and Lifespan of Vascular Endothelium
Structural Components of Renal Microvasculature
Primary Endothelial Dysfunction Leading to Kidney Disease
Angiogenic Incompetence in CKD
Endothelial Cell Dysfunction in CKD – Genetic Screen
Metabolic Abnormalities in Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
Premature Endothelial Cell Senescence in CKD
Endothelial–Mesenchymal Transition and the Role of TGF-β and Endostatin Signaling
Lymphatic Endothelium
Microvascular and Tissue Regeneration: Role of Stem and Progenitor Cells
Endothelium, First Heal Thyself – Therapeutic Strategies
Summary
References
Chapter 16. Cardiovascular Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Burden of Disease
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Therapy
Conclusions
References
Chapter 17. Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Scope of the Problem
Pathophysiology of Inflammation in CKD
Diagnosis of Inflammation
Treatment of Inflammation in CKD
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Genetics and Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Non-Diabetic Glomerular Diseases Leading to CKD
Diabetes-Associated Chronic Kidney Disease
Kidney Disease Genes in Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy and Lupus Nephritis
FSGS and Diffuse Mesangial Sclerosis
GWAS for Estimated GFR and Albuminuria in General Populations
Inherited Interstitial Nephropathies
Approach to Diagnosis and Therapy
Summary
References
Part V: Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease
Chapter 19. Psychosocial Issues in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Introduction
Psychopathology
Quality of Life
Adherence
Mental Health Disparities
Conclusions
References
Chapter 20. Ophthalmic Issues in Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Ophthalmic Findings in Hypertensive Nephropathy
Ophthalmic Complications in CKD Patients
Ophthalmic Findings in Diabetes
Oculorenal Systemic Diseases
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21. Neurologic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Cognitive Impairment in CKD
The Epidemiology of Stroke in Chronic Kidney Disease
Neurological and Muscular Disease
Summary
References
Chapter 22. Hematologic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease: Erythrocytes and Platelets
Anemia of CKD
Erythrocytosis in Patients with CKD
Disorders of Platelets and Coagulation
Conclusions
References
Chapter 23. Hematologic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease: Leukocyte and Monocyte Function
Introduction
The Immune System
CKD-Related Immune and Leukocytic Dysfunction
Specific Uremic Toxins Related to the Immune Dysfunction
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24. Immune Function in Chronic Kidney Disease
Epidemiology and Background
Structure and Function of the Immune System
CKD-Associated Immune Deficiency
CKD-Associated Inflammation
Effects of CKD on Components of Innate Immunity
Dendritic Cells and Their Abnormalities in CKD
Natural Killer Cells and Their Abnormalities in CKD
Role of Intestinal Epithelium and Other Non-Immune Cells
Components of Adaptive Immunity and Their Abnormalities in CKD
Clinical Considerations
Role of Iron Deficiency and Iron Overload on CKD-Associated Immunological Disorders
Conclusions
References
Chapter 25. Chronic Kidney Disease and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Timing of Catheter Placement and Patient Follow-Up
Conclusion
References
Chapter 64. Emerging Therapies for Chronic Kidney Disease
Scope of the Problem
Preventing the Progression of CKD
Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain Inhibitors as Oral Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents and Potential Inhibitors of Renal Fibrosis
Vascular Calcification in CKD
Renal Denervation Therapies for Hypertension
Novel Paradigms for Dialysis Vascular Access
Combining Biology, Technology and Process of Care
Acknowledgments
Disclosures
References
Part IX: Special Considerations
Chapter 65. Prenatal Origins of Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: General Overview
Maternal–Fetal Undernutrition and Risk of CKD
Maternal–Fetal Energy Excess and Risk of CKD
Maternal–Fetal Psychosocial Stress and risk of CKD
The Kidney as Secondary Downstream Target of Concurrently Programmed Cardiometabolic Diseases
Clinical Implications, Challenges, and Opportunities for Nephrologists
Conclusions
References
Chapter 66. Pregnancy and Chronic Kidney Disease
Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy
Renal and Pregnancy Outcomes in CKD
Evaluation of Renal Function and Proteinuria in Pregnancy
Management of CKD Complications in Pregnancy
Superimposed Pre-Eclampsia
Specific Renal Diseases
Conclusion
References
Chapter 67. Chronic Kidney Disease in Children
CKD in Children
History of CKD in Children
Epidemiology of CKD in Children
Diagnosis of CKD in Children
Progression of pediatric CKD and Treatment Strategies to Slow Progression
Treatment of CKD Co-Morbidities
Timing and Indications for Renal Replacement Therapy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 68. Reflux Nephropathy
Introduction
Incidence and Prevalence
Pathogenesis
Risk Factors for Reflux Nephropathy
Complications
Prevention of Reflux Nephropathy
Summary
References
Chapter 69. Ethnicity and Chronic Kidney Disease in Disadvantaged Populations – An International Perspective
Background
Pre-Dialysis CKD
ESRD
Access to Renal Care
Relation Between Ethnicity and CKD Risk
Conclusions
References
Chapter 70. Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly – Who Has it? Who Does One Treat and How are They to be Treated?
Introduction
Epidemiology and Public Health Implications
Kidney Senescence
Diagnosis
Renal Replacement Therapy vs. Conservative Management
Functional Status and Frailty
Palliative or Conservative Care and Symptom Burden
Advance Care Planning and Illness Trajectory
Hospice and CKD
Issues in Modality in Elderly Patients Choosing Renal Replacement Therapy
End-of-Life Care in CKD
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 71. Pain and Chronic Kidney Disease
Introduction
Epidemiology
Screening for and Diagnosis of Pain in CKD
Management of Pain in CKD Patients
Conclusion
References
Chapter 72. Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Janus-faced Syndrome
Introduction
AKI Leads to CKD
AKI as a Synergistic Complication of Progression of CKD
Mechanisms Associated with Progressive Renal Injury
Clinical Considerations
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
Chapter 73. The Perioperative Management of the Chronic Kidney Disease Patient
Introduction
Epidemiology and Risk Assessment
Preoperative Assessment
Anesthesia, Analgesia and Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Postoperative Management
Conclusion
References
Chapter 74. Ethical Issues in Chronic Kidney Disease
Illustrative Case
Informed Consent for Treatment of CKD
Shared Decision-Making in the Process of Advance Care Planning
Completion of Advance Directives and Medical Order Forms to Implement Advance Care Planning Decisions
The “Biomedicalization” of Aging and Consequences for Dialysis Decision-Making in Elderly Stage 5 CKD Patients
Conflicts of Interest in the Treatment of CKD
The Ethical Imperative for Careful Management of CKD Patients
References
Chapter 75. Imaging the Chronic Kidney Disease Patient: Clinical Approaches, Utility and Complications
Introduction
Utility of Imaging Modalities
Imaging CKD Complications
Contrast Use in CKD
Conclusion
References
Index
No. of pages: 930
Language: English
Edition: 1
Published: September 24, 2014
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780124116023
eBook ISBN: 9780124116160
PK
Paul L. Kimmel
Paul L. Kimmel, MD, MACP, FRCP, FASN, was educated at Yale College and the New York University School of Medicine. He completed his internal medicine residency at Bellevue Hospital in New York City and Nephrology fellowship at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania and the George Washington University, where he attained the rank of professor. From 2001 to 2006, Dr. Kimmel served as Director of the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension at George Washington University. From 2006 to 2008, he was the Director of Education of the American Society of Nephrology. Dr. Kimmel currently is Clinical Professor of Medicine at George Washington University in Washington, DC. His interests include psychosocial adaptation to chronic renal disease, sleep disorders in patients with kidney disease, zinc metabolism in renal diseases, HIV associated kidney diseases, the clinical genetics of common kidney disease, and the interrelationships between acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease.
Affiliations and expertise
Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
MR
Mark E. Rosenberg
Mark E. Rosenberg, MD, FASN, attended medical school at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada, and did his internal medicine residency and nephrology fellowship at the University of Minnesota. He served as Director of the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension at the university from 2000 to 2009. From 2009 to 2012, he was the Chief of Medicine and Director of the Primary and Specialty Medicine Service Line at the Minneapolis VA Health Care System. Dr. Rosenberg currently serves as Vice Dean for Education and Academic Affairs, and Professor of Medicine at the University of Minnesota Medical School in Minneapolis,
Minnesota. In this position, he is responsible for the continuum of medical education. He served as Chair of the Postgraduate Education Committee and
Education Director for Kidney Week for 6 years before being elected in 2013 to the Council of the American Society of Nephrology. Dr. Rosenberg served as President of the American Society of Nephrology in 2019. His interests include pathophysiology and progression of chronic kidney disease, kidney regeneration following acute injury, models of care delivery including telehealth, and workforce issues in nephrology.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Medicine, Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension; Vice Dean for Education, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota